PCB Copper Thickness Measurement Methods and Techniques Copper thickness is one of the few PCB characteristics that directly determines current capacity, impedance, and the fatigue life of a plated barrel, yet it is also one of the easiest to report carelessly. Two labs can measure the same panel and disagree…

PCB Contact Resistance Test: From Design to Repeatable Production Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB contact resistance test from the perspective of a PCBA factory…

PCB Continuity Test Limits: From Design to Repeatable Production Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB continuity test limits from the perspective of a PCBA factory…

Why PCB Design Relies on EM Simulation Before Fabrication A board can be designed, fabricated and assembled by a competent team and still fail its first electromagnetic compatibility test. When that happens, the correction is rarely a single change: it is a redesign of the layer assignment, the return path…

Wave Soldering Thermal Profile and Pot Maintenance Guide Wave soldering still carries through-hole connectors, power terminals, and mixed-technology assemblies that reflow cannot reach, and it does so with a process window far narrower than most engineers assume. The thermal profile decides whether flux activates and whether barrels fill, while the…

TVS Diode Clamping Vs The High Speed Eye Diagram Selection of a transient voltage suppressor often begins and ends with the clamping voltage on the datasheet. A part that clamps lower than its competitor looks like the safer choice for a high speed interface, and it often is not: the…

Battery FPC Materials: Building a Reliable Battery Flex A battery flex is one of the few circuits that carries current, moves and connects to a welded interface at the same time. That combination sets the material list far more tightly than a signal flex, because the film, the copper, the…

Signal Reflection In Transmission Lines: Causes And Termination Every discontinuity on a transmission line sends part of the incident wave back toward the source. The mechanism is not mysterious: the wave carries a ratio of voltage to current set by the line, and when it reaches a region where that…

PCB Mating Cycle Life: Process Details and Inspection Points Buyers and engineers often focus on the finished product and forget the production line behind it. In practice, most field failures can be traced back to process decisions made during assembly. Understanding PCB mating cycle life gives you a practical advantage…

PCB Cable Strain Relief: Process Details and Inspection Points Buyers and engineers often focus on the finished product and forget the production line behind it. In practice, most field failures can be traced back to process decisions made during assembly. Understanding PCB cable strain relief gives you a practical advantage…