PCB Rework of A BGA: Replacing a Part Underneath Buyers and engineers often focus on the finished product and forget the production line behind it. In practice, most field failures can be traced back to process decisions made during assembly. Understanding PCB rework of a BGA gives you a practical…

Practical Notes on Backdrilling A plated through hole is convenient, but the unused portion of the barrel below the last layer it serves is not electrically neutral. That leftover copper acts as a stub, and at high frequencies it behaves as a resonant element that degrades the channel. Backdrilling removes…

Where to Place an Unavoidable Impedance Discontinuity Every high speed link contains at least one place where the impedance is not what the stackup drawing promises. It might be a connector, a package, a via that has to change layers, or a component pad that is wider than the trace.…

PCB Traceability Marking: Codes That Survive the Process Traceability on a printed circuit board is usually treated as a labelling problem, but the marking is only the visible end of a chain that begins with the material batch and ends with the shipping carton. Where that chain is broken, a…

PCB Flux Selection: What Makes the Solder Flow Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB flux selection from the perspective of a PCBA factory floor, covering…

PCB Wave Solder Pallet: Carrying a Board Over the Wave Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB wave solder pallet from the perspective of a PCBA…

PCB Hand Soldering Rules: When a Person Takes the Iron Buyers and engineers often focus on the finished product and forget the production line behind it. In practice, most field failures can be traced back to process decisions made during assembly. Understanding PCB hand soldering rules gives you a practical…

PCB Selective Soldering: Only Where It Is Needed Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB selective soldering from the perspective of a PCBA factory floor, covering…

PCB Repair and Modification: Changing a Finished Board Modern electronics depend on boards that are assembled correctly the first time. Every product – a phone, a charger, a medical instrument or an industrial controller – relies on thousands of solder joints that must conduct current for years. This article explains…

USB Differential Pair Routing on a PCB USB is the interface most engineers meet first and one of the easiest to get subtly wrong. The pair looks like any other differential route, the data rate on the label is modest by modern standards, and the connector is often placed by…