Ultra Thick Copper PCB: Design and Manufacturing Where Ordinary Heavy Copper Stops Copper weight is quoted in ounces per square foot, where one ounce corresponds to about 35 micrometres. Ordinary boards use one or two ounces, heavy copper power boards use four, and the class described as ultra thick starts…

PCB Creepage and Clearance Spacing: Distance Rules for High Voltage Buyers and engineers often focus on the finished product and forget the production line behind it. In practice, most field failures can be traced back to process decisions made during assembly. Understanding PCB creepage and clearance spacing gives you a…

PCB Guard Ring for Leakage Current: A Ring That Catches the Leakage Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB guard ring for leakage current from the…

Battery PCBA: Protection, Balancing and Safety What a Battery Board Does A lithium cell is an excellent energy store with a narrow band of conditions in which it is safe. Exceed the upper voltage and it degrades and can vent; go below the lower limit and the cell is damaged;…

Thermal Conductive Laminate: A Metal Core Alternative The Gap Between FR-4 and Metal Core An ordinary FR-4 board conducts heat at around 0.3 watts per metre kelvin, which is why a hot component on a FR-4 board heats only the copper and the few square millimetres around it. A metal…

PCB Return Path Continuity: The Current Has to Come Back Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB return path continuity from the perspective of a PCBA…

Protel PCB: A Practical Guide for Beginners What Protel Is Protel is a family of printed circuit board design tools that originated in Australia in the late 1980s and grew into one of the most widely used packages in the industry. For a generation of engineers, learning PCB design meant…

PCB Buried Via Fill Resin: Filling the Hole Before the Next Press Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB buried via fill resin from the perspective…

Fibreglass PCB: Why FR-4 Still Dominates What a Fibreglass Board Is The material at the heart of most circuit boards is a sheet of woven glass fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. The glass gives it mechanical strength, dimensional stability and a low absorption of moisture; the resin binds the fibres,…

PCB Sequential Lamination Registration: Lining Up the Layers Electronics manufacturing has become a discipline of small details. Solder paste volumes, placement accuracy, temperature profiles and inspection limits all add up to the final result. This guide looks at PCB sequential lamination registration from the perspective of a PCBA factory floor,…