Hyperscale Data Centre PCB: Design for High Density Systems A data centre PCB is designed against a set of constraints that ordinary server boards do not face at the same intensity. The board has to carry very high speed serial links across a long backplane, deliver hundreds of amps at…
Transportation IoT Board: Design Guide for Vehicle Systems An IoT board that is installed in a transport system has a harder life than one that sits on a desk. It is powered from a vehicle supply that is never clean, it is mounted where it is shaken, it must operate…
Machine Vision PCB: Sensor Interface and Power Noise A machine vision board exists to move image data from a sensor to a processor without corrupting it. That sounds simple, and it becomes difficult because the data rate is high, the sensor is sensitive to its supply and its clock, and…
IC Package Substrate: Structure, Materials and Build-Up Layers An IC package substrate is the board that carries a bare die and connects its micrometre scale bumps to millimetre scale board pads. It redistributes power, ground and high speed signals, manages heat, and protects the device during assembly. As packages have…
Heavy Copper PCB Prototyping: Design Rules and Process Control Heavy copper PCB work starts where conventional boards stop: above about 3 oz of finished copper per layer. The thicker metal carries far more current, spreads heat under power devices and survives mechanical stress better, but it also changes every process…
Press-Fit Connector PCB: Hole Design and Assembly Requirements A press-fit connector is attached by pushing pins into plated through holes instead of soldering them. The joint relies on mechanical interference: the pin compresses against the barrel wall and creates a gas-tight contact that carries current and holds the connector in…
PCB Via Hole Guide: Types, Sizes and Aspect Ratio A via hole is the smallest feature that decides whether a board can be built at all. Diameter, depth, pad size and plating thickness are linked, and pushing one of them past the process window turns a routine multilayer board into…
Aluminium PCB Thickness: Thermal and Mechanical Effects An aluminium board is chosen when the heat cannot be removed any other way. The metal base replaces the structural role of the laminate and adds a thermal path that conducts heat away through the board itself, and it is the thickness of…
Optical Imaging PCB: Design for Cameras, LiDAR and Fiber Modules An optical imaging PCB sits between a sensor and a processor, and the requirements on it come from physics rather than from a feature list. Photons arrive at a sensor, electrons leave it at high speed, and in a LiDAR…
Industrial Instrument PCB: A Complete Beginner Guide An industrial instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity and reports it with a stated accuracy, and it keeps doing so for years in an environment it did not choose. That definition is what separates the board inside a process transmitter…












